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Greek orthography ：ウィキペディア英語版

Greek orthography
The orthography of the Greek language ultimately has its roots in the adoption of the Greek alphabet in the 9th century BC. Some time prior to that, one early form of Greek, Mycenaean, was written in Linear B, although there was a lapse of several centuries (the Greek Dark Ages) between the time Mycenaean stopped being written and the time when the Greek alphabet came into use.
Early Greek writing in the Greek alphabet was phonemic, and different in each dialect. Since the adoption of the Ionic variant for Attic in 403 BC, however, Greek orthography has been largely conservative and historical.
Given the phonetic development of Greek, especially in the Hellenistic period, certain modern vowel phonemes have multiple orthographic realizations:
* can be spelled η, ι, υ, ει, οι, or υι (see Iotacism);
* can be spelled either ε or αι;
* can be spelled either ο or ω.
This affects not only lexical items but also inflectional affixes, so correct orthography requires mastery of formal grammar, ''e.g.'' 'the good one (fem. sing.)' ''vs.'' 'the good ones (masc. pl.)'; 'I call' ''vs.'' 'good (neut. sing.)'.
Similarly, the orthography preserves ancient doubled consonants, though these are now pronounced the same as single consonants, except in Cypriot Greek.
== Digraphs and diphthongs ==
A digraph is a pair of letters used to write one sound or a combination of sounds that does not correspond to the written letters in sequence. The orthography of Greek includes several digraphs, including various pairs of vowel letters that used to be pronounced as diphthongs but have been shortened to monophthongs in pronunciation. Many of these are characteristic developments of modern Greek, but some were already present in Classical Greek. None of them is regarded as a letter of the alphabet.
During the Byzantine period, it became customary to write the silent iota in digraphs as an iota subscript.

* The diphthong υι was monophthongized to in Classical Attic Greek, but survives in some other contemporary dialects and in early Koine.

*
* The diphthong ωυ was found in Ionic and in certain Hebrew transcriptions in the Greek Bible, but it did not occur in Attic, and was gradually lost in Koine. Where ωυ was atticized, it was often split into two separate syllables , hence the Latin transcription ''ōy''. Perhaps the clearest example of this is the Biblical Greek name (Moses), which was atticized as , then adapted to early Christian Latin as ''Mōysēs'', from where it became Spanish ''Moisés'', French ''Moïse'', etc. The modern Greek form is , whereas the modern Latin Vulgate form is ''Mōsēs''.

*
*
*The velars , , , and are palatalized to , , and respectively before the close and mid front vowels and .
It is discussed among scholars whether the velar nasal (, ') should be regarded as an allophone of or a phoneme in its own right in Greek.

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